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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Pneumatically Driven Microfluidic Platform for Micro-Particle Concentration
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Pneumatically Driven Microfluidic Platform for Micro-Particle Concentration

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Automated solid phase extraction and electrospray chip based on programmatic pneumatic micro-valves.

Xiahong Wei1, Yinyin Hao2, Xueying Huang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.

Talanta
|March 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an automated extraction and electrospray ionization chip (AEEC) for mass spectrometry. The novel device integrates solid-phase extraction, improving analyte detection and reducing analysis time for complex samples.

Keywords:
Automated microfluidic platformOn-line electrospray ionizationProgrammatic pneumatic micro-valveQuinotrione in sorghumSolid phase extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Microfluidic chips with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) offer high throughput and low sample consumption.
  • Current limitations in real-world sample analysis stem from the lack of reliable on-chip sample pretreatment, crucial for low analyte concentrations and ESI's salt sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated extraction and ESI chip (AEEC) for integrated solid-phase extraction (SPE) and on-line ESI-MS.
  • To overcome the limitations of manual sample preparation in microfluidic ESI-MS applications.

Main Methods:

  • Designed an AEEC incorporating a solid-phase extraction (SPE) zone with magnetic silica beads, seven pneumatic micro-valves, and a monolithic ESI nozzle.
  • Automated the SPE process (sample introduction, extraction, elution) by controlling micro-valve flow directions.
  • Integrated the automated SPE with on-line ESI-MS for direct analysis of analytes.

Main Results:

  • The AEEC-MS method achieved limits of detection between 0.10–0.75 ng/μL and enrichment factors of 2.1–6.2 for standard chemicals and pesticides.
  • Automated SPE significantly improved the reliability and sensitivity of the AEEC method, as evidenced by calibration curve comparisons.
  • Successfully quantified a new herbicide, quinotrione, in sorghum plant samples at 0.176 mg/kg with 5.70% RSD, showing improved accuracy over existing methods.

Conclusions:

  • The developed AEEC provides an automated, integrated solution for sample pretreatment and ESI-MS analysis.
  • This automated approach significantly reduces random error and analytical time (within 300s), enhancing the practicality of microfluidic ESI-MS for complex samples.
  • The AEEC platform demonstrates substantial potential for high-sensitivity, high-throughput analysis in various fields, including environmental monitoring and agricultural chemistry.