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Related Concept Videos

First Impression01:09

First Impression

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First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Impression management encompasses individuals' deliberate efforts to shape how others perceive them during social interactions. This behavior is often employed to conform to social norms, secure approval, or pursue specific goals. While it involves selective self-presentation, it is not necessarily deceptive; individuals frequently present authentic aspects of themselves that align with situational demands.Common strategies include:Ingratiation: where individuals use flattery or agreeableness...
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter02:57

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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
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NK cell expression of Tim-3: First impressions matter.

Edward C So1, Ariana Khaladj-Ghom1, Yaping Ji1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.

Immunobiology
|March 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) increase Tim-3 expression on NK cells, but this does not indicate exhaustion. Tim-3+ NK cell function varies with the inducing stimulus, impacting cancer immunotherapy strategies.

Keywords:
Antibody stimulationCD137Fc multimersFc receptorsNatural killer cellsTim-3

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Co-signaling molecules on NK cells are crucial targets for cancer immunotherapy.
  • The role of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing domain (Tim)-3 in NK cell responses to antibody-decorated tumors is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how tumors treated with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) affect co-signaling molecule expression on human NK cells.
  • To determine if Tim-3 upregulation on NK cells signifies exhaustion or a response to diverse stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Stimulation of human NK cells with aggregated IgG1, mAb-opsonized tumors, Fc multimers, and cytokines (IL-12/IL-18).
  • Analysis of HAVCR2 (Tim-3) and 4-1BB (CD137) gene and protein expression.
  • Assessment of IFN-γ production by Tim-3+ NK cells in response to tumor cells.

Main Results:

  • NK cell stimulation by various stimuli, including mAb-opsonized tumors, upregulated Tim-3 (HAVCR2) expression at both gene and protein levels.
  • Tim-3 expression increased rapidly (20 minutes) and sustained for hours, distinct from the later 4-1BB (CD137) upregulation (4 hours).
  • The functionality of Tim-3+ NK cells, specifically IFN-γ production, was dependent on the stimulus used for Tim-3 induction.

Conclusions:

  • Tim-3 upregulation is a common outcome of diverse NK cell activation stimuli, not solely an indicator of NK cell exhaustion.
  • The functional plasticity of Tim-3+ NK cells explains their varied roles in anti-tumor immunity.
  • Findings necessitate careful consideration of anti-Tim-3 therapies in cancer immunotherapy due to the complex nature of Tim-3 signaling.