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Transposable elements drive rapid phenotypic variation in Capsella rubella.

Xiao-Min Niu1,2, Yong-Chao Xu1,2, Zi-Wen Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093 Beijing, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) drive rapid phenotypic diversity in the plant Capsella rubella, even after genetic bottlenecks. These TEs provide crucial genetic variation for adaptation to changing environments.

Keywords:
BrassicaceaeCapsella rubellanatural variationrapid phenotypic variationtransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Plant science

Background:

  • Organisms need rapid phenotypic changes to adapt to environmental shifts.
  • Limited genetic variation after bottlenecks poses a challenge for rapid adaptation.
  • Capsella rubella, an inbreeding plant, exhibits wide distribution despite a severe genetic bottleneck.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the source of rapid phenotypic variation in Capsella rubella.
  • Determine the role of transposable elements (TEs) in adaptation despite limited genetic diversity.
  • Understand how TEs contribute to phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary success.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of TEs in Capsella rubella and Capsella grandiflora.
  • Assessing the association between polymorphic TEs and gene expression variation.
  • Investigating TE insertions at the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene in natural populations.

Main Results:

  • TEs are significantly enriched in C. rubella compared to its outcrossing sister species.
  • 4.2% of polymorphic TEs in C. rubella correlate with altered expression of adjacent genes.
  • Frequent TE insertions at FLC explain 12.5% of natural variation in flowering time, impacting mRNA stability and expression.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements are a key source of genetic variation driving rapid phenotypic diversity in C. rubella.
  • TEs facilitate adaptation to changing environments in species with limited standing genetic variation.
  • Specific TE insertions, like those at FLC, can directly influence adaptive traits such as flowering time.