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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Host-microbial dialogues in atopic dermatitis.

Tetsuro Kobayashi1, Keisuke Nagao1

  • 1Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

International Immunology
|March 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Atopic dermatitis (AD) involves altered skin microbial communities and genetic factors affecting skin barrier and immunity. Emerging research highlights a complex host-microbial relationship in AD pathophysiology, paving the way for new treatments.

Keywords:
dysbiosisepidermal barriermicrobiomeskin

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • The skin microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining skin barrier integrity and immune function through intricate dialogues with the epidermis and immune cells.
  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by an altered microbial landscape, impaired epidermal barrier, and dysregulated immunity, forming a detrimental cycle.
  • Recent research suggests AD is fundamentally a disorder of host-microbial interactions, moving beyond traditional allergy-mediated explanations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the role of the skin microbiota in atopic dermatitis (AD) pathophysiology.
  • To discuss genetic factors contributing to barrier impairment, dysbiosis, and inflammation in AD.
  • To explore how studies in mouse models and human genetic disorders inform AD pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on skin microbiome, genetics, and immunology in relation to atopic dermatitis.
  • Analysis of findings from sequencing technologies, genetic studies, and animal models.
  • Synthesis of data to elucidate the complex interplay between host, microbiota, and immunity in AD.

Main Results:

  • Sequencing technologies reveal diverse skin microbes and their role in skin ecosystem homeostasis.
  • Microbiome alterations and genetic factors are implicated in the vicious cycle of AD.
  • AD pathophysiology is increasingly understood as a disorder of altered host-microbial relationships.

Conclusions:

  • The skin microbiota significantly contributes to atopic dermatitis (AD) pathophysiology.
  • Genetic factors influencing barrier function and immune responses are critical in AD.
  • Understanding the complex host-microbial interactions provides a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies for AD.