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Related Concept Videos

Beats01:09

Beats

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The study of music provides many examples of the superposition of waves and the constructive and destructive interference that occurs. Very few examples of music being performed consist of a single source playing a single frequency for an extended period of time. A single frequency of sound for an extended period might be monotonous to the point of irritation, similar to the unwanted drone of an aircraft engine or a loud fan. Music is pleasant and exciting due to mixing the changing frequencies...
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Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction01:24

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Affect plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal evaluations and perceptions. Emotions influence how individuals judge and respond to others, often determining whether interactions are viewed positively or negatively. This effect can manifest directly through interactions with the person in question or indirectly via associations with unrelated emotional experiences.Direct Effects of Affect on AttractionAffect directly influences interpersonal attraction when a person’s behavior...
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The Influence of Affect on Cognition01:29

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

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Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...
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The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Visualizing the Beating Heart in Drosophila
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How Does Cilium Length Affect Beating?

Mathieu Bottier1, Kyle A Thomas2, Susan K Dutcher3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.

Biophysical Journal
|March 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cilia motion requires a minimum length for periodic beating. Cilia propulsion force and power increase with length, with maximal efficiency at normal lengths.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Cilia are crucial for motility and fluid transport in many organisms.
  • Understanding cilia length dynamics is key to understanding their function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how cilium length affects cilia motion dynamics.
  • Determine the relationship between cilium length and propulsion metrics.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed video microscopy of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants.
  • Controlled deciliation and regrowth of cilia.
  • Analysis of ciliary waveform and beating frequency.

Main Results:

  • Periodic beating emerged at a critical cilium length of 2-4 μm.
  • Beating frequency remained constant across lengths, decreasing slightly at longer lengths.
  • Propulsion force, torque, and power increased proportionally with cilium length.
  • Mechanical efficiency peaked at normal wild-type cilium lengths (10-12 μm).

Conclusions:

  • Cilium length is a critical factor in initiating and maintaining ciliary motion.
  • The observed relationships between length and mechanical properties provide insights into ciliary function.
  • Findings aid in understanding the biophysical mechanisms of ciliary oscillation.