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Cell-surface Signaling

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...

What is Cell Signaling?

What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.

Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant tissues are collections of similar cells performing related functions. Different plant tissues will have their own specialized roles and can be combined with other tissues to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stem, and leaves. Two major types of plant tissue include meristematic and permanent tissue.

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Cell Surface Receptor Identification Using Genome-Scale CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Screens

Cell Surface Receptor Identification Using Genome-Scale CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Screens

Published on: June 6, 2020

Plant cell surface immune receptor complex signaling.

Wei-Lin Wan¹, Katja Fröhlich¹, Rory N Pruitt¹

¹Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|March 18, 2019

Summary

Plant immune receptors sense microbes by forming dynamic complexes. Understanding these mechanisms can engineer crops for durable disease resistance.

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Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

Published on: September 9, 2009

Area of Science:

Plant immunology
Molecular plant pathology
Crop science

Background:

Plant plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for detecting microbial invaders.
PRRs vary in ectodomain structure and possess or lack cytoplasmic protein kinase domains.
Immune receptors function in ligand-dependent complexes with dynamic compositions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review molecular mechanisms of plant immune receptor complex dynamics and regulation.
To summarize early signaling networks in plant immune responses.
To explore engineering crop plants for enhanced disease resistance.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current knowledge on plant immune receptor complexes.
Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing receptor complex assembly and signaling.
Discussion of strategies for utilizing immune receptors in crop improvement.

Main Results:

Receptor complexes are dynamic and change composition upon ligand binding.
Early signaling events are critical for activating broad plant immunity.
A comprehensive understanding of PRRs can lead to novel resistance strategies.

Conclusions:

Elucidating receptor complex dynamics is key to understanding plant immunity.
Targeting these mechanisms offers potential for developing robust crop protection strategies.
Engineering plants with improved immune receptor systems can enhance durable resistance to pathogens.