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Clarifying dairy calf mortality phenotypes through postmortem analysis.

C S McConnel1, D D Nelson2, C R Burbick2

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Veterinary necropsies and laboratory diagnostics provide more accurate dairy calf mortality diagnoses than treatment records alone. Detailed postmortem analysis is crucial for identifying specific diseases and improving calf health strategies.

Keywords:
dairy calfmortalityphenotypepostmortemtyphlitis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Animal Health
  • Dairy Science

Background:

  • Health conditions manifest as phenotypic expressions influenced by genetics, environment, and overall phenome.
  • Accurate characterization of biological outcomes requires detailed evaluation of illness phenotypes.
  • Dairy calf mortality is a significant concern in animal agriculture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that systematic postmortem analysis of dairy calf mortality phenotypes yields different cause-of-death diagnoses compared to treatment records alone.
  • To compare the diagnostic accuracy of on-farm treatment records versus necropsy and laboratory findings.
  • To evaluate the utility of detailed postmortem diagnostics in identifying specific disease processes and guiding mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study was conducted on a dairy calf ranch in the northwestern United States from June to September 2017.
  • Focus was on calves ≤90 days of age, with comparisons of cause-of-death diagnoses based on three data levels: treatment records, necropsy plus treatment records, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (WADDL) results plus all other information.
  • A total of 210 dairy calves were necropsied, with 122 cases submitted to WADDL for further analysis.

Main Results:

  • Necropsy- and WADDL-derived mortality phenotypes showed high agreement (Cohen's κ = 0.86) when broadly categorized (diarrhea, respiratory, combined, other).
  • Agreement between on-farm treatment records and postmortem-derived results was low, varying by diagnostic detail.
  • Fair agreement (κ = 0.22) was observed between treatment-based and necropsy-based phenotypes without WADDL input; slight agreement (κ = 0.13) was found with WADDL input.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic on-farm necropsies and laboratory diagnostics significantly improve the accuracy of dairy calf cause-of-death determination compared to treatment records alone.
  • Treatment-based diagnoses often lack the specificity to identify critical disease processes, such as necrotizing enteritis and typhlitis, which were misclassified as generic diarrhea or pneumonia.
  • Detailed postmortem analysis is essential for detecting antemortem misclassifications, understanding disease processes, and directing effective disease mitigation strategies in dairy calves.