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Related Concept Videos

Sign Test for Matched Pairs01:17

Sign Test for Matched Pairs

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The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
To conduct the sign test, we first calculate the differences in...
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Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs01:09

Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs

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The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs evaluates the null hypothesis by combining the ranks of differences with their signs. It essentially tests whether the median of the differences in a population of matched pairs is zero. Since the test incorporates more information than the sign test, it generally yields more trustable conclusions. This test also does not require the data to follow a normal distribution, but two conditions must be met for it to be applicable: (1) the data must...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Threats to Biodiversity01:50

Threats to Biodiversity

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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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The Small x Assumption02:20

The Small x Assumption

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If a reaction has a small equilibrium constant, the equilibrium position favors the reactants. In such reactions, a negligible change in concentration may occur if the initial concentrations of reactants are high and the Kc value is small. In such circumstances, the equilibrium concentration is approximately equal to its initial concentration.  This estimation can be used to simplify the equilibrium calculations by assuming that some equilibrium concentrations are equal to the initial...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
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Has the Emperor Met His Match?

Kelly J Brassil1, Ellen Carr2

  • 1University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
|March 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The first pediatric patient treated with experimental cellular therapy showed positive outcomes, paving the way for clinical trials in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • The documentary 'Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies' highlighted an early pediatric case of experimental cellular therapy.
  • This patient, treated in 2012, achieved long-term survivorship, demonstrating therapeutic potential.

Discussion:

  • The success of this initial pediatric treatment was pivotal.
  • It directly influenced the progression to formal clinical trials for advanced cancer therapies.

Key Insights:

  • Early experimental cellular therapy in a pediatric patient yielded significant long-term survival.
  • This case study was instrumental in validating and advancing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy development.

Outlook:

Keywords:
CAR T-cellimmunotherapyinterprofessionalsurvivorshiptreatment decision making

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  • The positive outcomes spurred the development of clinical trials using commercial CAR T-cell products.
  • This research trajectory continues to shape the future of pediatric cancer treatment and immunotherapy.