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Nicholas Bbosa1, Pontiano Kaleebu1,2, Deogratius Ssemwanga1,2

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Global HIV subtype distribution varies by region, with specific strains dominant in different areas. Increasing recombinant variants highlight the need for continuous surveillance and advanced sequencing for accurate HIV diversity tracking.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) exhibits remarkable genetic diversity due to high mutation and recombination rates.
  • This genetic variability leads to the emergence of numerous HIV subtypes with heterogeneous global distribution patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current data on the global diversity and regional distribution of HIV subtypes.
  • To highlight the evolving landscape of HIV genetic variants and its implications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing epidemiological and genetic data on HIV subtypes.
  • Analysis of recent studies focusing on near full-length genome sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Subtype A is prevalent in East Africa, Russia, and former Soviet Union countries.
  • Subtype B dominates in Europe, the Americas, and Oceania; Subtype C in Southern Africa and India.
  • CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG are prevalent in Asia and Western Africa, respectively. Recombinant variants and Subtype C are increasingly significant.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic changes in HIV subtype distribution pose challenges for diagnostics, treatment, and vaccine development.
  • The rise in recombinant viruses indicates increased coinfection/superinfection, necessitating ongoing surveillance.
  • Advancements in near full-length genome sequencing are crucial for accurate HIV subtype estimation, though data gaps persist in some regions.