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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Polymer-Based Module for NAD+ Regeneration with Visible Light.

Beatriz C Ma1, Lucas Caire da Silva1, Seong-Min Jo1

  • 1Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology
|March 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a fully organic module for regenerating the enzyme cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) using light-activated nanoparticles. This breakthrough advances the creation of synthetic cells by enabling efficient cofactor regeneration in harsh conditions.

Keywords:
artificial cell modulesmicroreactorsnanoparticlesnicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephotocatalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Enzymatic cofactor regeneration is crucial for synthetic cell development.
  • Efficient and stable cofactor regeneration systems are needed for cell-free applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create an enzyme-free, self-sufficient module for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) regeneration.
  • To develop a robust system for NAD+ regeneration compatible with harsh chemical environments.

Main Methods:

  • Photo-oxidation of NADH using metal-free conjugated polymer nanoparticles under visible light.
  • Encapsulation of nanoparticles within polymeric vesicles to form autonomous modules.
  • Immobilization of glycerol dehydrogenase in a silica matrix to create stable enzymatic nanoparticles.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated efficient NAD+ regeneration in an enzyme-free system using light-activated polymer nanoparticles.
  • Showcased the module's stability and efficiency in harsh chemical environments.
  • Successfully coupled NAD+ regeneration with enzymatic substrate oxidation using immobilized glycerol dehydrogenase.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a fully organic, autonomous module for NAD+ regeneration via photocatalysis.
  • The system offers enhanced stability and compatibility for synthetic biology applications.
  • This work is a significant step towards the construction of purely synthetic cells.