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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

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As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Reference Pricing in Germany: Implications for U.S. Pharmaceutical Purchasing.

James C Robinson1, Dimitra Panteli2, Patricia Ex3

  • 1Berkeley Center for Health Technology, University of California, Berkeley.

Issue Brief (Commonwealth Fund)
|March 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germany

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Area of Science:

  • Health economics
  • Pharmaceutical policy
  • Comparative health systems

Background:

  • The German health care system, like the U.S. system, utilizes multiple private payers and price negotiation.
  • Pharmaceutical pricing in Germany is influenced by reference pricing for drugs with minimal benefits and negotiation for those with incremental benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the German pharmaceutical reference-pricing system.
  • To compare German pricing strategies with U.S. tiered formularies and cost-sharing models.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing documentation on German pharmaceutical pricing.
  • Interviews with key stakeholders in German payer, policy, and pharmaceutical sectors.

Main Results:

  • Germany employs consumer cost-sharing and reference pricing to guide drug selection towards therapeutically equivalent alternatives.
  • Insurers cap payments for drugs at the price of comparators unless superior clinical benefit is demonstrated.
  • Reference pricing ensures availability of lower-cost drug options.

Conclusions:

  • The German pharmaceutical pricing model, incorporating reference pricing and modest cost-sharing, effectively controls drug costs.
  • This system presents a viable alternative to the U.S. tiered formulary approach for managing pharmaceutical expenditures.