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The proinflammatory effects of chronic excessive exercise.
Alisson L da Rocha1, Ana P Pinto1, Eike B Kohama1
1Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Cytokine
|March 19, 2019
Summary
Excessive training, or overtraining, disrupts the balance between exercise and recovery, leading to performance decline. This is linked to increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, impacting multiple organs and causing adverse health outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Exercise Physiology
- Sports Medicine
- Immunology
Background:
- Chronic moderate-intensity exercise offers significant health benefits, preventing and treating various diseases.
- Athletic performance enhancement necessitates high-intensity, high-volume training.
- Overtraining syndrome arises from an imbalance between intense exercise and insufficient recovery, causing performance decrements.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the scientific basis of the cytokine hypothesis of overtraining.
- To discuss the multi-organ adverse effects of excessive exercise.
- To provide insights for coaches and exercise physiologists to prevent overtraining.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent data on exercise physiology and the cytokine hypothesis.
- Analysis of the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta) in overtraining.
- Discussion of the systemic impact of excessive exercise beyond performance decline.
Main Results:
- The cytokine hypothesis posits that overtraining increases pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to symptoms of performance decrement.
- Adverse effects of excessive exercise extend to multiple organ systems, not just performance.
- Imbalances in exercise and recovery trigger musculoskeletal trauma and subsequent cytokine release.
Conclusions:
- Excessive exercise, particularly when recovery is inadequate, can induce a pro-inflammatory state impacting overall health.
- A multi-organ perspective is crucial for understanding and managing the consequences of overtraining.
- Strategies to balance training load and recovery are essential for preventing chronic excessive exercise-induced adverse outcomes.
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