Intelligent detection of flavor changes in ginger during microwave vacuum drying based on LF-NMR

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and electronic nose combined with Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to collect the data of moisture state and volatile substances to predict the flavor change of ginger during drying. An back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model was established with the input values of LF-NMR parameters and the output values of sensors for different flavor substances obtained from electronic nose. The results showed that fresh ginger contained three water components: bound water (T₂₁), immobilized water (T₂₂) and free water (T₂₃), with the corresponding peak areas of A₂₁, A₂₂ and A₂₃, respectively. During drying, the changes of A₂₁ and A₂₂ were not significant, while A₂₃ and A_Total decreased significantly (p < .05). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of electronic nose data showed that samples with different drying time can be well distinguished. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) confirmed that the electronic nose characteristic sensor data S₄, S₅, S₈ and S₁₃ corresponded with the data measured by GC-MS. The correlation analysis between LF-NMR parameters and characteristic sensors showed that A₂₃ and A_Total were significantly correlated with the volatile components (p < .05). The results of the BP-ANN prediction showed that the model fitted well and had strong approximation ability (R > 0.95 and error < 3.65%) and stability, which indicated that the ANN model can accurately predict the flavor change during ginger drying based on LF-NMR parameters.