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Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
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Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
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Introduction to Vectors01:21

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In mechanics, commonly used terms like force, speed, velocity, and work can be classified as either scalar or vector quantities. A scalar is a physical quantity that can be described by its magnitude alone and does not require any directional components. Examples of scalar quantities are mass, area, and length.
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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Detecting Virus and Salivary Proteins of a Leafhopper Vector in the Plant Host
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Message in a vesicle - trans-kingdom intercommunication at the vector-host interface.

Adela S Oliva Chávez1, Anya J O'Neal1, Laura Santambrogio2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

Journal of Cell Science
|March 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vector-borne diseases are a major global health threat. Extracellular vesicles play a key role in pathogen transmission, host colonization, and disease development, impacting microbial pathogenesis and immunity.

Keywords:
Arthropod-borne diseaseCell communicationExtracellular vesicleImmunomodulationMicrobial transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Vector-borne disease research
  • Microbial pathogenesis
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Vector-borne diseases cause significant global mortality and morbidity.
  • Understanding arthropod vector, microbe, and host interactions is critical.
  • The vector-host interface is crucial for pathogen acquisition and transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biogenesis and cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • To explore the role of nanovesicles in pathogen spread and host colonization.
  • To focus on the function of EVs in microbial pathogenesis and host immunity during vector-borne pathogen transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of exosome and microvesicle biogenesis and cargo.
  • Analysis of the role of nanovesicles in pathogen transmission dynamics.
  • Focus on the impact of EVs on host immunity and microbial pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and molecular interactions.
  • Nanovesicles are involved in pathogen spread, host colonization, and disease.
  • EVs play a significant role in microbial pathogenesis and host immune responses during vector-borne disease transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles are key mediators in the complex interactions within vector-borne diseases.
  • Understanding EV function is essential for developing strategies against vector-borne pathogens.
  • EVs influence both pathogen virulence and host immune evasion during transmission.