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Related Concept Videos

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model01:13

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Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
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Broadband THz absorption spectrometer based on excitonic nonlinear optical effects.

Avan Majeed1, Pavlo Ivanov2, Benjamin Stevens1

  • 11Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DE UK.

Light, Science & Applications
|March 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A tunable terahertz (THz) source was developed using III-V semiconductor quantum wells. This novel method enables compact and cost-effective THz spectroscopy for atmospheric studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Semiconductor Science and Technology

Background:

  • Terahertz (THz) generation is crucial for spectroscopy and imaging.
  • Existing THz sources often face limitations in tunability, power, or cost.
  • Semiconductor quantum wells offer unique optical properties for nonlinear frequency conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a broadly tunable THz source utilizing nonlinear optical processes in semiconductor quantum wells.
  • To demonstrate the potential for compact, low-cost THz spectroscopy applications.
  • To enhance THz generation efficiency through resonant exciton effects.

Main Methods:

  • Difference frequency generation (DFG) in III-V semiconductor quantum wells (QWs).
  • Utilizing resonant excitation of QW excitons to enhance third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)).
  • Breaking QW symmetry with a built-in electric field in a p-i-n junction to achieve effective second-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(2)).
  • Lateral phase matching via normal incidence excitation.
  • Employing two continuous wave (CW) semiconductor lasers for tunable THz emission.

Main Results:

  • Achieved broadly tunable monochromatic THz emission from 0.75 to 3 THz, with potential for 0.2–6 THz.
  • Demonstrated THz power of approximately 800 nW with efficiencies of ~1×10⁻⁵.
  • Observed nonlinear processes onset at low power densities (~4 W cm⁻²), enabling power scaling.
  • Exhibited linewidths of ~20 GHz.
  • Successfully demonstrated transmission spectroscopy of atmospheric features.

Conclusions:

  • A broadly tunable THz source based on nonlinear optics in III-V quantum wells has been successfully realized.
  • The developed source offers a pathway towards compact, low-cost, swept-wavelength THz spectroscopy systems.
  • The approach leverages enhanced nonlinearities in engineered semiconductor nanostructures for efficient THz generation.