Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

6.2K
The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
6.2K
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

4.1K
The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
4.1K
Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

552
The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...
552
Elements of Block Diagrams01:25

Elements of Block Diagrams

696
Block diagrams serve as a visual representation of the input-output relationships within a system. An illustrative example is a heating system, where the set temperature activates the furnace to warm the room to the desired level. Block diagrams are versatile, modeling linear systems through Laplace transform variables and nonlinear systems using time domain variables.
A block diagram typically includes essential elements such as comparators, blocks, and feedback loops. Each of these elements...
696
Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams01:20

Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams

3.3K
In a spring-mass-damper system, the second-order differential equation describes the dynamic behavior of the system. When transformed into the Laplace domain under zero initial conditions, this equation can be effectively analyzed and manipulated. The transformation into the Laplace domain converts differential equations into algebraic equations, simplifying the process of isolating the output.
3.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

2.0K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Resuscitation in Oncology: Limits, Ethics, Practice, and Humanity.

Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)·2026
Same author

Referral for glaucoma surgery and types of surgery in different European regions in 2025, the EURACCUR study.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie·2026
Same author

Implants to Treat Glaucoma: Promising or Not?

Drugs & aging·2025
Same author

Breaking the pain barrier: implantable intrathecal pump therapy as a game-changer in cancer pain management.

Radiology and oncology·2025
Same author

Competency-based European training requirements for the specialty of ophthalmology. Recommendations from the UEMS section of ophthalmology and the European Board of Ophthalmology.

Acta ophthalmologica·2025
Same author

Fellowships across Europe: Insights from the European Board of Ophthalmology Survey.

Acta ophthalmologica·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices
11:16

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices

Published on: March 21, 2011

11.4K

Brainstem Anaesthesia after Retrobulbar Block.

Ivan Kostadinov1, Andrej Hostnik2, Barbara Cvenkel3,4

  • 1Clinical Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Open Medicine (Warsaw, Poland)
|March 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrobulbar blocks for eye surgery can cause serious complications like brainstem anesthesia. This case highlights the importance of careful monitoring and life support readiness after retrobulbar anesthesia.

Keywords:
Brainstem anaesthesiaLocal anaesthetic toxicityRetrobulbar block complications

More Related Videos

Systemic Treatment for Postnatal, Juvenile, and Runted Adult Mice by Retrobulbar Sinus Injection
02:39

Systemic Treatment for Postnatal, Juvenile, and Runted Adult Mice by Retrobulbar Sinus Injection

Published on: May 17, 2024

2.6K
In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
10:14

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Published on: June 9, 2017

9.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices
11:16

Preparation and Culture of Chicken Auditory Brainstem Slices

Published on: March 21, 2011

11.4K
Systemic Treatment for Postnatal, Juvenile, and Runted Adult Mice by Retrobulbar Sinus Injection
02:39

Systemic Treatment for Postnatal, Juvenile, and Runted Adult Mice by Retrobulbar Sinus Injection

Published on: May 17, 2024

2.6K
In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
10:14

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Published on: June 9, 2017

9.0K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Retrobulbar block is a common regional anesthesia technique in ophthalmology for day case surgery.
  • It provides profound akinesia and anesthesia but carries risks of life-threatening complications due to ocular anatomy.
  • Potential complications include systemic absorption, intra-arterial injection, retrograde flow, or subdural injection of local anesthetic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of suspected brainstem anesthesia following a retrobulbar block in an ophthalmology patient.
  • To discuss the mechanisms and clinical presentation of local anesthetic toxicity after retrobulbar block.
  • To emphasize the importance of monitoring and preparedness for managing severe adverse events.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of an 82-year-old female undergoing trans-scleral laser cyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma.
  • Administration of a retrobulbar block using levobupivacaine and lidocaine.
  • Detailed description of the patient's adverse reaction, resuscitation, and management.

Main Results:

  • The patient developed lethargy, loss of consciousness, severe hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory arrest minutes after retrobulbar block.
  • The clinical presentation was consistent with brainstem anesthesia, likely due to subdural injection.
  • Successful resuscitation was achieved with intubation, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, fluid therapy, and intravenous lipid emulsion.

Conclusions:

  • Retrobulbar blocks, while effective, can lead to severe central nervous system toxicity, including brainstem anesthesia.
  • Low volume and low concentration of local anesthetic, along with experienced technique, may minimize risks.
  • Close patient monitoring post-block and readily available life support equipment are crucial.