Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

571
Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
571
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

17.1K
If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
17.1K
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

2.0K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
2.0K
Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving01:18

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

491
To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
491
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

Actor-Observer Effect

371
The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in...
371
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

888
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
888

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Influence of Stimulus Layout and Social Presence on Deception-Related Eye Movements and Blinks in the Concealed Information Test.

Journal of eye movement research·2026
Same author

Fixations, blinks, and pupils differentially capture individual and interpersonal dynamics in role-asymmetric mutual gaze interaction.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Reinvestigating endogenous attention and perceived duration of peripheral stimuli: Differential effects for neutral versus valid and invalid cues.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025
Same author

Transient attention does not alter the eccentricity effect in estimation of duration.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2023
Same author

Small Pupils Lead to Lower Judgements of a Person's Characteristics for Exaggerated, but Not for Realistic Pupils.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

How sign language expertise can influence the effects of face masks on non-linguistic characteristics.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

5.0K

Crowding in depth for binocular and monocular observation.

Lisa Valentina Eberhardt1, Anke Huckauf2

  • 1General Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany. lisa.eberhardt@uni-ulm.de.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|March 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Visual crowding, the difficulty recognizing peripheral targets near other stimuli, worsens with greater depth separation during binocular viewing. This effect suggests crowding aids 3D spatial attention.

Keywords:
CrowdingDepth perceptionFlanker interferenceNatural viewingReal depth

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Refractive Surgical Correction for Presbyopia and Exploring Postoperative Visual Acuity
05:46

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Refractive Surgical Correction for Presbyopia and Exploring Postoperative Visual Acuity

Published on: September 20, 2024

801
How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
14:34

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

76.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

5.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Refractive Surgical Correction for Presbyopia and Exploring Postoperative Visual Acuity
05:46

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Refractive Surgical Correction for Presbyopia and Exploring Postoperative Visual Acuity

Published on: September 20, 2024

801
How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
14:34

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

76.7K

Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Crowding describes reduced recognition of peripheral targets flanked by similar stimuli.
  • Crowding is influenced by lateral distances, such as target eccentricity and inter-character spacing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how crowding is affected by stimulus distance in depth during natural binocular viewing.
  • To determine if crowding effects change with varying distances from the fixation plane in real depth presentations.

Main Methods:

  • Real-depth presentation created using orthogonally arranged screens and a half-transparent mirror.
  • Measured recognition performance of flanked versus isolated Landolt rings at fixation depth and in front of/behind fixation depth (defocused).
  • Participants fixated a central cross at 190 cm and identified the gap position of targets at 2° eccentricity in real depth.

Main Results:

  • Crowding effects significantly increased when stimuli were farther from the fixation plane in depth during binocular viewing.
  • Crowding did not increase with increased depth distance under monocular viewing conditions (lacking disparity information).
  • The observed depth-dependent crowding effect was specific to binocular observation in real depth.

Conclusions:

  • Crowding in natural viewing is influenced by binocular depth cues.
  • This suggests crowding may function as a mechanism for stabilizing and orienting attention within three-dimensional space.
  • The findings highlight the role of binocular vision in modulating visual crowding in depth.