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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Metallic Solids

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Fabrication of Fine Electrodes on the Tip of Hypodermic Needle Using Photoresist Spray Coating and Flexible Photomask for Biomedical Applications
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Low melting point metal-based flexible 3D biomedical microelectrode array by phase transition method.

Shengxin Guo1, Rongzan Lin1, Lei Wang2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
|March 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a dimension-controllable 3D biomedical microelectrode using a low melting point alloy. The flexible electrode demonstrates comparable impedance to Ag/AgCl electrodes and maintains conductivity up to 42% stretchability.

Keywords:
3D printingFast fabricationFlexibleLiquid metalLow melting point metalMicroelectrodePhase transition

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Microfabrication

Background:

  • Biomedical microelectrodes are crucial for acquiring bio-electric signals.
  • Existing electrodes often lack flexibility or precise dimension control.
  • Developing advanced microelectrodes is essential for improved bio-sensing and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dimension-controllable 3D biomedical microelectrode using a low melting point metal alloy.
  • To investigate the fabrication process and control parameters for electrode dimensions.
  • To evaluate the electrical properties, including skin-electrode impedance and stretchability, of the novel microelectrode.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D microelectrodes using a low melting point alloy (Bi/In/Sn/Zn) via a phase transition method.
  • Utilizing a syringe-based dispensing system and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate for electrode formation.
  • Controlling electrode dimensions (height, width, depth-width ratio) by adjusting lifting velocity and sample temperature.
  • Measuring skin-electrode impedance and comparing it with Ag/AgCl electrodes.
  • Assessing electrode stretchability by measuring resistance changes under strain.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated dimension-controllable 3D microelectrodes using the phase transition method.
  • Identified key parameters (lifting velocity, sample temperature) for precise control over electrode dimensions.
  • Achieved a skin-electrode impedance of 2.357 ± 0.198 MΩ at 10 Hz, comparable to Ag/AgCl electrodes.
  • Demonstrated that electrode impedance converges with Ag/AgCl electrodes as array size increases.
  • The electrode exhibits excellent stretchability, maintaining conductivity up to 42% strain.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D microelectrode offers controllable dimensions and comparable electrical performance to traditional electrodes.
  • The fabrication method is robust and adaptable for creating flexible, stretchable biomedical electrodes.
  • This technology holds significant promise for advanced bio-sensing applications and improved bio-electric signal acquisition.