Enhanced biocompatibility of polyurethane-type shape memory polymers modified by plasma immersion ion implantation...

As one of the promising smart materials, polyurethane-type shape memory polymers (SMPU) have been extensively investigated as potential biomedical implant materials. However, the hydrophobicity and bio-inertness of SMPU are major problems for biomedical applications. We applied plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to increase surface wettability and enable one-step covalent, functionalisation of SMPU with biological molecules to create a tuneable, biocompatible surface. The changes of surface properties due to PIII treatment in nitrogen plasma were determined by measurements of morphology, contact angle, surface energy, and nanoindentation. Collagen attachment on SMPU with and without PIII treatment was measured by Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). To investigate in vivo biocompatibility, SMPU with/without PIII and with/without collagen were subcutaneously implanted in mice. SMPU implants with surrounding tissue were collected at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 to study acute/subacute inflammatory responses at histopathological and immunohistochemical levels. The results show that PIII treatment improves wettability and releases residual stress in the SMPU surfaces substantially. Covalent attachment of collagen on PIII treated SMPU in a single step incubation was demonstrated by its resistance to removal by rigorous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate (SDS) washing. The in-vivo results showed significantly lower acute/subacute inflammation in response to SMPU with PIII treatment + collagen coating compared to untreated SMPU, collagen coated untreated SMPU, and PIII treated SMPU, characterised by lower total cell numbers, macrophages, neovascularisation, cellular proliferation, cytokine production, and matrix metalloproteinase production. This comprehensive in vivo study of PIII treatment with protein coating demonstrates that the combination of PIII treatment and collagen coating is a promising approach to enhance the biocompatibility of SMPU, facilitating its application as an implantable biomaterial.