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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans
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Bouncing Back! Counteracting Muscle Aging With Plyometric Muscle Loading.

Martino V Franchi1,2, Elena Monti3, Austin Carter4

  • 1Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Physiology
|March 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that 6-week trampoline plyometric training rapidly increases muscle power and mass in both young and older males. This safe training method effectively combats age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) and improves physical function.

Keywords:
agingdynapeniamuscle architecturemuscle powermuscle remodelingsarcopeniastretch-shortening cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Gerontology
  • Muscle Biology

Background:

  • Maintaining muscle power is vital for mobility and daily activities in aging.
  • Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and power, impairs function.
  • High-velocity resistance training can counteract sarcopenia, but plyometric exercises are understudied in older adults due to high impact concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of a 6-week trampoline-based plyometric training intervention on knee extensor muscle size, architecture, force, and power in young and older males.
  • To assess the feasibility and efficacy of a safer plyometric training modality for older populations.

Main Methods:

  • 14 young males (YM) and 9 older males (OM) participated in a 6-week intervention, training 3 times/week.
  • Training involved a trampoline-based plyometric exercise using a leg press-like device.
  • Measurements included isometric maximum voluntary torque (MVT), leg extension power, and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture (muscle thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle) pre- and post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Both groups demonstrated significant increases in muscle power (OM: +27%, YM: +20%) and muscle size (muscle thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle).
  • Older males showed comparable or even greater relative improvements in muscle architecture parameters compared to young males.
  • Despite lower total external work, older males experienced substantial functional and morphological benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Trampoline-based plyometric training is an effective and rapid method for enhancing muscle mass and power in both young and older individuals.
  • This training modality appears particularly beneficial for the older population, effectively targeting the morphological and functional declines associated with sarcopenia.
  • The findings support the use of this safer plyometric approach to improve muscle health and combat age-related functional impairments.