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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:39

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Overview
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

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Chimeric Antigen Receptors for T-Cell Malignancies.

Lauren D Scherer1,2, Malcolm K Brenner1,2,3, Maksim Mamonkin1,2,3,4

  • 1Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Oncology
|March 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for T-cell cancers faces challenges. Strategies are needed to prevent CAR T-cells from attacking healthy T-cells, improving treatment safety and effectiveness.

Keywords:
T cell malignancyT-cellschimeric antigen receptors (CARs)immunotherapynon-Hodgkin lymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells show promise for treating T-lineage leukemia and lymphoma.
  • A key challenge involves targeting tumor antigens that are also present on healthy T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the preclinical development of CAR T-cell therapies for T-cell malignancies.
  • To discuss strategies for mitigating toxicities related to on-target fratricide and off-tumor activity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies on CAR T-cell therapy for T-cell malignancies.
  • Analysis of strategies to address CAR T-cell-related toxicities.

Main Results:

  • Targeting shared antigens can lead to CAR T-cell over-activation or fratricide, reducing efficacy.
  • Elimination of normal T-cell subsets by CAR T cells can cause temporary immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • Minimizing toxicities from on-target fratricide and off-tumor activity is crucial for successful CAR T-cell therapy in T-cell malignancies.
  • Further research into targeted strategies is essential for enhancing the safety and effectiveness of these advanced therapies.