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Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function.

Jessica Farebrother1,2, Michael B Zimmermann1,3, Maria Andersson1,3,4

  • 1Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|March 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Excess iodine intake can harm thyroid function, especially in susceptible individuals. Monitoring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) helps identify populations with high iodine intake and potential thyroid risks.

Keywords:
iodineiodine excessiodized saltthyroglobulinthyroid autoimmunity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone production.
  • While generally well-tolerated, excessive iodine intake can trigger thyroid dysfunction in susceptible individuals.
  • Pre-existing thyroid conditions or prior iodine deficiency increase vulnerability to excess iodine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function.
  • To identify common sources of excessive iodine consumption.
  • To discuss physiological responses and consequences of high iodine intake.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on iodine intake and thyroid health.
  • Analysis of population-level data on iodine intake.
  • Evaluation of biomarkers for assessing iodine status.

Main Results:

  • Excess iodine can lead to hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Sources include overiodized salt, certain foods, and supplements.
  • Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is a reliable population biomarker for assessing iodine intake.

Conclusions:

  • Excess iodine intake poses a risk for thyroid dysfunction, particularly in vulnerable groups.
  • Population-level monitoring using UIC is essential for identifying and managing excessive iodine exposure.
  • Thyroid function assessment should consider iodine intake, with UIC and thyroglobulin as key biomarkers.