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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Published on: October 14, 2021
Extended-Release Amantadine for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia
Khashayar Dashtipour1, Ali R Tafreshi1,2, Rajesh Pahwa3
1a Department of Neurology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA.
Amantadine extended release (ER) is the only FDA-approved treatment for levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD). This therapy effectively reduces LID and improves motor function, allowing for more sustainable levodopa use.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Movement Disorders
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) significantly limits long-term levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD).
- Effective and safe treatments for LID are scarce, highlighting a critical unmet need in PD management.
- Amantadine extended release (ER) is the sole FDA-approved medication specifically for LID treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the efficacy and safety of amantadine ER in managing LID.
- To provide expert perspectives on the clinical use and future potential of amantadine ER for PD patients.
- To assess amantadine ER's role in improving therapeutic outcomes and levodopa therapy sustainability.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical trial data on amantadine ER for LID treatment.
- Analysis of safety and efficacy profiles of amantadine ER.
- Expert opinion synthesis on current and future applications of amantadine ER.
Main Results:
- Amantadine ER has demonstrated efficacy in reducing LID in clinical trials.
- Amantadine ER has also been shown to decrease "OFF" time in Parkinson's disease patients.
- The medication is considered safe for managing LID, supporting sustained levodopa therapy.
Conclusions:
- Amantadine ER is a valuable therapeutic option for controlling LID in Parkinson's disease.
- This treatment can enhance the sustainability of levodopa therapy, improving patient outcomes.
- Further research and clinical application of amantadine ER hold promise for PD management.
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