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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
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Pain and sickle cell disease.

Anupam Aich1, Michael K Jones2, Kalpna Gupta2

  • 1Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA.

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Sickle cell disease (SCD) pain involves complex neuroimmune and neurovascular interactions. New non-opioid targets are emerging to prevent and treat SCD pain by addressing these underlying mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Pain is a significant comorbidity in sickle cell disease (SCD).
  • Current opioid-based pain management for SCD remains suboptimal.
  • Understanding pain mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanism-based, non-opioid targets for preventing and treating SCD pain.
  • To explore novel therapeutic strategies beyond traditional analgesics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on SCD pain pathogenesis.
  • Identification of neuroimmune and neurovascular pathways involved in SCD pain.
  • Analysis of emerging non-opioid analgesic targets and complementary therapies.

Main Results:

  • SCD pain arises from complex neuroimmune and neurovascular interactions.
  • Key pathways include mast cell activation, microglial activation, and neurogenic inflammation.
  • Vascular factors like hypoxia, oxidative stress, and hemolysis also contribute.
  • Emerging targets include cannabinoid and nociceptin receptors, and the serotonergic pathway.
  • Complementary therapies like acupuncture show analgesic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting neuroimmune and neurovascular interactions offers promise for SCD pain management.
  • Developing therapies devoid of adverse effects on sickle pathobiology is essential.
  • The heterogeneity of SCD pain necessitates personalized therapeutic approaches.