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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Cognitive Dissonance01:38

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Diode: Forward bias01:20

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In semiconductor devices, diodes play a crucial role in directing current flow, and its operation is primarily categorized into forward bias and reverse bias. A diode is said to be forward-biased when its p-type region is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and its n-type region is linked to the negative terminal. This configuration reduces the potential barrier within the diode, allowing current to flow easily from the p to the n-type region.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems
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Does opportunistic testing bias cognitive performance in primates? Learning from drop-outs.

Michèle N Schubiger1,2, Alexandra Kissling1, Judith M Burkart1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Cognition Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Plos One
|March 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Opportunistic testing in primate cognition studies does not introduce bias. Researchers can maximize sample sizes by testing motivated subjects without skewing cognitive performance results.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate cognition
  • Animal behavior research
  • Cognitive testing methodologies

Background:

  • Dropouts are common in non-human primate cognitive tests, often due to logistic constraints versus sample size needs.
  • Opportunistic testing excludes subjects who don't complete tasks quickly, raising concerns about selection bias and skewed results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if opportunistic testing introduces systematic bias in cognitive performance in common marmosets and squirrel monkeys.
  • To determine if subjects excluded by opportunistic testing differ cognitively from those who complete tasks readily.

Main Methods:

  • A full testing approach was used, allowing unlimited time for subjects to complete six cognitive tasks.
  • Performance of subjects completing tasks within expected time was compared to those requiring more time.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in task performance were found between subjects who completed tasks quickly and those who required more time.
  • Opportunistic testing would have been justified without risking biased cognitive performance data.

Conclusions:

  • Opportunistic testing appears valid for primate cognitive studies, as it does not systematically bias results.
  • Maximizing sample sizes by testing motivated subjects is a viable strategy when full testing is not feasible, potentially applicable to other species.