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Related Concept Videos

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments01:19

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The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of microfilaments (7 nm) and the microtubules (25 nm).  These filaments are highly stable and can remain intact when exposed to high salt concentrations and detergents. These filaments are responsible for providing stability and mechanical support to the cells. They also help in cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity.
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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
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The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic structure performing varied functions based on cellular requirements. The adaptability of the individual filaments in the cytoskeleton determines their ability to perform various functions within the cell. It can undergo rapid reorganization during processes like cell division or remain stable for several hours as in the interphase. The adaptability of these filaments depends on stringent regulatory mechanisms. The microfilament and microtubules of the...
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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
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The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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DSeg: A Dynamic Image Segmentation Program to Extract Backbone Patterns for Filamentous Bacteria and Hyphae

Hanqing Zhang1, Niklas Söderholm2, Linda Sandblad2

  • 1Department of Physics,Umeå University,901 87 Umeå,Sweden.

Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
|March 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DSeg is a new image analysis program that accurately segments filamentous structures in single images and time-series data. It overcomes limitations in analyzing dense or growing cell populations, providing key growth statistics.

Keywords:
MATLABfilamentoushyphaeimage segmentationsoftware

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Area of Science:

  • Microscopy and Image Analysis
  • Cell Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Accurate segmentation of filamentous structures in images is challenging, especially in dense populations or time-series data with continuous growth.
  • Existing algorithms struggle with complex structures and dynamic biological processes, limiting quantitative analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present DSeg, an image analysis program designed for robust segmentation of filamentous structures in both static and time-series images.
  • To overcome limitations in analyzing dense populations and continuously growing filamentous structures.

Main Methods:

  • DSeg employs a modified binary level-set algorithm incorporating size constraints, edge intensity, and temporal information for enhanced segmentation.
  • The program was validated using synthetic data, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy of prokaryotes, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of bacterial fimbriae.

Main Results:

  • DSeg successfully segmented complex and densely packed filamentous structures across various imaging modalities.
  • The program demonstrated accurate tracking of growth dynamics, providing quantitative data on persistence length, growth rate, and direction.

Conclusions:

  • DSeg offers a robust solution for analyzing filamentous structures in biological images, improving accuracy and quantitative insights.
  • The program's ability to handle time-series data and complex scenarios makes it valuable for cell biology research.