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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Characterization and Transcript Expression Analyses of Atlantic Cod Viperin.

Khalil Eslamloo1, Atefeh Ghorbani2, Xi Xue1

  • 1Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atlantic cod viperin, a crucial antiviral gene, was characterized at the molecular level. Its expression and regulation were investigated, revealing insights into fish antiviral immunity.

Keywords:
Gadus morhuadsRNAinhibition of antiviral responsesqPCRrsad2teleost ISGs

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Viperin is a vital antiviral protein in vertebrate immune responses.
  • Understanding viperin in fish, like Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), is crucial for aquatic immunology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the Atlantic cod viperin gene and protein.
  • To investigate the regulatory pathways of Atlantic cod viperin expression.

Main Methods:

  • Cloning, sequencing, and in silico analyses were used to characterize the viperin gene.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was employed to analyze viperin gene expression across tissues and developmental stages.
  • Macrophage stimulation assays with immune inhibitors identified regulatory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Atlantic cod viperin cDNA is 1,342 bp, encoding a 347-amino acid protein with conserved domains.
  • Viperin showed weak embryonic expression but high constitutive expression in adult blood.
  • pIC induction of viperin was inhibited by specific compounds, suggesting TLR-dependent regulation via PKR and p38 MAPK.

Conclusions:

  • Atlantic cod viperin shares conserved structural features with vertebrate orthologs.
  • Viperin expression is developmentally regulated and tissue-specific in Atlantic cod.
  • The interferon-activated pathway likely regulates Atlantic cod viperin's antiviral response.