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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Pneumothorax-II01:27

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Spontaneity02:21

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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Using Optogenetics to Reverse Neuroplasticity and Inhibit Cocaine Seeking in Rats
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Spontaneous pneumothorax in cocaine users.

P Ciriaco1, F Rossetti1, A Carretta1

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery.

QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians
|March 22, 2019
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Cocaine inhalation can cause spontaneous pneumothorax, a condition requiring awareness and surgical intervention. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) effectively treats this condition, leading to long-term recovery without recurrence.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Pneumothorax is a known respiratory complication of cocaine inhalation.
  • Associated conditions include pneumomediastinum and hemoptysis.
  • Some cases do not necessitate surgical treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case series of non-HIV cocaine inhaler subjects.
  • Focus on isolated spontaneous pneumothorax treated with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).

Main Methods:

  • Nine cocaine-inhaler subjects with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent 10 VATS procedures.
  • Procedures included lung apicectomy, apical pleurectomy, and mechanical pleurodesis.
  • Bullectomy was performed in seven subjects.

Main Results:

  • Six subjects had a history of prior pneumothorax.
  • Chest CT scans revealed abnormalities in seven subjects.
  • Histology showed foreign body granulomas, suggesting lung injury from inhaled substances.
  • One subject experienced a relapse, successfully treated surgically.
  • Mean follow-up of 150 months showed no pneumothorax recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Spontaneous pneumothorax in cocaine users is a significant clinical concern.
  • Chest CT may not detect all abnormalities; macroscopic findings can include bullae and pleural changes.
  • Surgical management with pleurodesis offers durable, recurrence-free outcomes.