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Related Concept Videos

Spare Receptors01:30

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Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare receptors the maximum effect of an agonist drug is achieved with fewer than 100% of the receptors being occupied. To determine the presence of spare receptors, scientists often compare the concentration of the drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) with the concentration of the drug needed to occupy 50% of the receptors (Kd). If the...
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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment
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Bladder-sparing treatment in MIBC: where do we stand?

Srikanth Murali-Krishnan1, Karl H Pang2, Francesco Greco3

  • 1Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospital, Sheffield, UK - Srikanth@hotmail.co.uk.

Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the Italian Journal of Urology and Nephrology
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Radical cystectomy is standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, but bladder-sparing treatments offer an alternative. These approaches, including TURBT, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, may provide comparable outcomes for select patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Radical cystectomy (RC) is the standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer but carries significant risks.
  • Alternative bladder-sparing treatments are evolving for patients unfit for or choosing against RC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in bladder-sparing treatment strategies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of English-language articles published within the last 5 years was conducted.
  • Literature search performed using Medline/PubMed with relevant keywords.
  • Included studies identified through bibliographies of relevant articles.

Main Results:

  • Current bladder-sparing options include transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  • Emerging experimental approaches involve immunotherapy and gene signatures to predict treatment response.
  • Multimodal bladder-sparing strategies are being explored.

Conclusions:

  • Bladder-sparing treatment is a viable option for specific bladder cancer patients.
  • Ideal candidates include those with solitary tumors, good bladder function, and those prioritizing bladder/sexual function preservation.
  • Multimodal bladder-sparing approaches can achieve oncological outcomes comparable to RC in suitable patients.