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Related Concept Videos

State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
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Space Trusses01:25

Space Trusses

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
At the core of a space truss lies the fundamental unit known as the tetrahedron. This structure is composed of six members that form a three-dimensional shape...
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Range Rule of Thumb to Interpret Standard Deviation01:13

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The range rule of thumb in statistics helps us calculate a dataset's minimum and maximum values with known standard deviation. This rule is based on the concept that 95% of all values in a dataset lie within two standard deviations from the mean.
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Transfer Function to State Space01:23

Transfer Function to State Space

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State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an RLC...
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State Space to Transfer Function01:21

State Space to Transfer Function

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The conversion of state-space representation to a transfer function is a fundamental process in system analysis. It provides a method for transitioning from a time-domain description to a frequency-domain representation, which is crucial for simplifying the analysis and design of control systems.
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:
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Space Trusses: Problem Solving01:29

Space Trusses: Problem Solving

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. Due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads, the space truss is widely used in various construction projects.
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Congenital Thumb-Index Web Space Deficiency.

Tiffany Wu1, Adam Walchak1, Ghazi M Rayan2

  • 1The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, USA.

Hand (New York, N.Y.)
|March 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Congenital thumb-index web space deficiency often co-occurs with other hand differences. Surgical reconstruction is complex, frequently requiring multiple procedures to optimize hand function.

Keywords:
anatomycongenitalhandreconstructionthumb-indexweb space

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Hand Surgery
  • Congenital Anomalies

Background:

  • Thumb-index (TI) web space deficiency is a congenital hand difference.
  • Literature lacks comprehensive data on associated congenital hand differences.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for effective treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify congenital hand differences associated with TI web space deficiency.
  • To document reconstructive surgical procedures used for TI web space deficiency.
  • To analyze surgical outcomes and recurrence rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 71 patients (77 hands) over 30 years.
  • Data collection on demographics, associated anomalies, and surgical procedures.
  • Analysis of operative settings and number of procedures per patient.

Main Results:

  • 12 different congenital hand differences were identified (62 developmental, 9 spastic).
  • 186 upper extremity operations were performed, averaging 2.6 settings and 7.5 procedures per patient.
  • Common procedures included first dorsal metacarpal artery pedicle flaps, Z-plasties, and 16 different thumb reconstructions; 10 patients needed revisions.

Conclusions:

  • TI web space deficiency prevalence is underestimated.
  • Associated musculoskeletal anomalies are common and require surgical intervention.
  • Optimizing hand function may necessitate multiple procedures, ideally performed concurrently.