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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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Why structure matters.

Nick Barton1, Joachim Hermisson2,3, Magnus Nordborg4

  • 1IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.

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|March 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interpreting genetic influences on human variation requires caution. Genome-wide association studies provide valuable data but need careful analysis to avoid overstating genetic claims.

Keywords:
GWASevolutionary biologygeneticsgenomicshumanpolygenic adaptationpopulation geneticspopulation structurequantitative geneticsselection for human height

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Area of Science:

  • Human genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are powerful tools for identifying genetic variants associated with human traits.
  • Understanding the genetic architecture of human variation is complex and influenced by multiple factors.
  • Previous interpretations of GWAS data have sometimes led to oversimplified conclusions about genetic determinism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical need for careful interpretation of findings from genome-wide association studies.
  • To emphasize the limitations and potential biases in current genetic association analyses.
  • To caution against definitive claims regarding the genetic basis of human variation based solely on GWAS data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of methodologies employed in genome-wide association studies.
  • Analysis of statistical approaches for interpreting genetic association results.
  • Examination of population stratification and other confounding factors in genetic studies.

Main Results:

  • GWAS data can be susceptible to population structure and other biases.
  • Statistical significance does not always equate to biological or causal significance.
  • The genetic basis of complex human traits is often polygenic and influenced by environmental interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Claims about the genetic basis of human variation derived from GWAS demand rigorous scrutiny.
  • A nuanced understanding of genetic architecture, including gene-environment interactions, is essential.
  • Future research should focus on robust methodologies and cautious interpretation to advance the field of human genetics.