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Related Concept Videos

Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

3.7K
The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
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Group Polarization01:01

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

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Dipole Moment of a Molecule
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Polarization-state-resolved high-harmonic spectroscopy of solids.

N Klemke1,2, N Tancogne-Dejean3,4, G M Rossi1,2

  • 1Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.

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|March 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New spectroscopy techniques reveal ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in solids. This advancement promises breakthroughs in petahertz electronics and advanced spectroscopic methods for condensed matter research.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Ultrafast spectroscopy
  • Attosecond metrology

Background:

  • Attosecond metrology enables probing sub-optical-cycle electronic and structural dynamics in condensed matter.
  • Controlling carrier dynamics in crystals with intense lightwaves is crucial for future petahertz electronics.
  • High-order harmonic generation (HHG) from carrier dynamics produces extreme-ultraviolet radiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce polarization-state-resolved high-harmonic spectroscopy for solids.
  • Gain deeper insights into sub-cycle electronic and structural dynamics.
  • Demonstrate dynamic control over harmonic polarization states.

Main Methods:

  • Performed high-harmonic generation measurements on silicon and quartz.
  • Utilized polarization-state-resolved analysis of generated harmonics.
  • Conducted ab-initio simulations to support experimental findings.

Main Results:

  • Harmonic polarization states depend on crystal symmetries and are dynamically controllable.
  • Intertwined interband and intraband electronic dynamics influence polarization states.
  • Efficient generation of circularly polarized harmonics from elliptically polarized pulses was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Polarization-state-resolved HHG spectroscopy offers new insights into solid-state dynamics.
  • The symmetry-dynamics duality allows for controlled generation of tailored harmonic light.
  • Ab-initio simulations confirm the microscopic origins of the observed phenomena.