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Fine motor deficits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary school children

Maria Mokobane1, Basil J Pillay1, Anneke Meyer1

  • 1Department of Behavioural Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

The South African Journal of Psychiatry : SAJP : the Journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa
|March 23, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show significant fine motor skill deficits, especially the predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes. These motor challenges can impact handwriting and academic success.

Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Pediatric psychology
  • Motor control

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently associated with motor deficiencies impacting daily activities.
  • Children with ADHD often exhibit deficits in fine motor tasks, including handwriting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fine motor skill deficiencies in primary school children diagnosed with ADHD.
  • To determine if ADHD subtypes exhibit differential fine motor performance in both dominant and non-dominant hands.

Main Methods:

  • ADHD symptoms were screened using the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (parent and educator completed).
  • Diagnosis of ADHD was confirmed by researchers.
  • Motor functioning was assessed using the Grooved Pegboard and Maze Coordination tests.
  • The study included 160 children with ADHD and 160 age- and gender-matched controls.

Main Results:

  • Children with ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI) and ADHD combined (ADHD-C) subtypes performed significantly worse than controls on the Grooved Pegboard test for both hands (p < 0.05).
  • No significant differences were found between the ADHD hyperactivity-impulsiveness subtype and controls.
  • No significant differences in Maze Coordination Task performance were observed between ADHD subtypes and controls (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Fine motor skill difficulties are common in children with ADHD, particularly in the ADHD-PI and ADHD-C subtypes.
  • These motor deficits are most apparent in complex, speeded, distal tasks.
  • Impaired fine motor skills in children with ADHD may contribute to poor handwriting and academic performance.
Abstract

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