Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina
07:48

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Published on: March 22, 2015

Octopamine potentiates intracellular Na+ and Cl- reductions during cell volume regulation in Limulus exposed to

S C Edwards, S K Pierce

    Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed

    Keywords:
    Octopamine functionCell volume recoveryHypoosmotic stressMarine invertebrate physiology

    More Related Videos

    Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space10:45

    Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

    Published on: July 24, 2017

    Monitoring the Effect of Osmotic Stress on Secretory Vesicles and Exocytosis08:08

    Monitoring the Effect of Osmotic Stress on Secretory Vesicles and Exocytosis

    Published on: February 19, 2018

    Related Concept Videos

    Tonicity in Animals00:59

    Tonicity in Animals

    The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
    Tonicity in Plants00:53

    Tonicity in Plants

    Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.Plants and Hypotonic EnvironmentsUnlike animal cells,...
    Tonicity in Plants01:20

    Tonicity in Plants

    Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
    Tonicity
    Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...
    Tonicity in Animals01:16

    Tonicity in Animals

    Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...
    Regulation of Water Intake01:25

    Regulation of Water Intake

    Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
    Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

    Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

    The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
    Sodium Regulation
    Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily in...