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Related Concept Videos

Bernoulli's Principle: Applications01:17

Bernoulli's Principle: Applications

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There are many devices and situations in which fluid flows at a constant height and so can be analyzed using Bernoulli's principle. These devices include, but are not limited to, entrainment devices and fluid flow measuring devices.
Entrainment devices use a high fluid speed to create low pressures and, thus, entrain one fluid into another. Some examples of these devices are given below:
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Design Example: Application of Archimedes' Principle01:11

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Archimedes' principle is fundamental in analyzing the buoyant force and stability of floating bodies. In this example, a wooden block with a rectangular section floats in seawater. Based on the block's dimensions, its specific gravity and the specific weight of seawater are used to find the volume of water displaced and the center of buoyancy.
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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The Uncertainty Principle04:08

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Concentration02:27

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A system at equilibrium is in a state of dynamic balance, with forward and reverse reactions taking place at equal rates. If an equilibrium system is subjected to a change in conditions that affects these reaction rates differently (a stress), then the rates are no longer equal and the system is not at equilibrium. The system will subsequently experience a net reaction in the direction of a greater rate (a shift) that will re-establish the equilibrium. This phenomenon is summarized by Le...
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Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow
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Four-dimensional Flow MRI: Principles and Cardiovascular Applications.

Arshid Azarine1, Philippe Garçon1, Audrey Stansal1

  • 1From the Departments of Medical Imaging (A.A., N.C., G.A., S.S., V.M., M.Z.), Cardiology (P.G.), and Vascular Medicine (A.S.), Saint Joseph Hospital, 185 rue Raymond Losserand, 75014 Paris, France; and Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (D.S.).

Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
|March 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI, a cardiac MRI technique, offers detailed blood flow analysis for cardiovascular diseases. Advances enhance its clinical feasibility for diagnosing conditions like congenital heart disease and valve disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • In-plane phase-contrast (PC) MRI is standard for assessing heart and great vessel blood flow.
  • Four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI, a 3D, time-resolved technique, enables comprehensive blood flow analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review technical considerations and applications of 4D flow MRI in cardiovascular diseases.
  • To highlight advancements improving 4D flow MRI's clinical utility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes volumetric, isotropic, time-resolved cine sequences with three-directional velocity encoding.
  • Incorporates retrospective multiplanar navigation for flexible flow quantification.
  • Employs advanced visualization tools like streamlines and velocity vectors.

Main Results:

  • Recent technical and big-data processing advances shorten imaging times and improve feasibility.
  • 4D flow MRI provides accurate quantification of various flow parameters (e.g., forward flow, regurgitation fraction, wall shear stress).
  • Enables detailed analysis of complex blood flow patterns.

Conclusions:

  • 4D flow MRI is a powerful tool for analyzing cardiovascular disorders.
  • Its applications are expanding across congenital heart disease, valvular disease, aortic disease, and pulmonary hypertension.
  • Technical optimization and advanced processing are key to its growing clinical importance.