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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

A Two-Step Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Method with Mass Spectrometric Detection for Identification of Tattoo Ink Ingredients and Counterfeit Products
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Stability and Specificity of Counterfeit Protection System Code.

Jiang-Chun Li1, Fang Fang2, Xing-Zhou Han3

  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Department of Forensic Science and Intelligence, Hubei University of Police, Wuhan, China.

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|March 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Counterfeit protection system (CPS) codes demonstrate stability and specificity over time. Analysis of 379 sample sheets revealed consistent CPS characteristics across most brands, ensuring reliable counterfeit detection.

Keywords:
color laser printcounterfeit protection system codecounterfeit protection system code patternforensic sciencequestioned documentstability and specificity

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Document Examination
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Counterfeit protection systems (CPS) are crucial for verifying document authenticity.
  • Assessing the long-term stability and specificity of CPS codes is essential for their reliable application.
  • Previous research has focused on the detection of counterfeit documents, but long-term stability studies of CPS codes are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the stability and specificity of counterfeit protection system (CPS) codes over time.
  • To analyze the durability of CPS code characteristics under real-world conditions.
  • To evaluate the reliability of CPS codes for anti-counterfeiting measures.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 379 sample sheets from 196 printers/photocopiers across 14 brands and 129 models.
  • Employed the pattern location measurement method to analyze CPS code units over time.
  • Established four key characteristics: CPS pattern unit, unit distance, dot position, and dot size/shape.

Main Results:

  • CPS code characteristics exhibited stability over time, with no significant changes observed in most brands.
  • Partial changes were noted in the Xerox brand, but overall CPS stability was confirmed.
  • No correlation was found between combinations of characteristic systems, indicating high specificity.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the inherent stability of CPS codes, making them a reliable tool for counterfeit detection.
  • The high specificity of CPS characteristics ensures accurate identification and reduces the risk of false positives.
  • CPS codes are a robust security feature, with potential for widespread application in document authentication.