Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 27, 2026
05:35
Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
Published on: March 3, 2016
15.6K
Endogenous and Exogenous Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Programmed Site-Specific Release
Ali Raza1, Tahir Rasheed2, Faran Nabeel3
1School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. aliraza86@sjtu.edu.cn.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 24, 2019
Summary
This review explores smart drug delivery systems (DDS) that respond to internal or external stimuli for targeted release. It highlights advancements and challenges in developing these responsive polymeric carriers for improved therapeutic outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Polymer Chemistry
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- Conventional therapeutics face limitations in efficacy and side effects.
- Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (DDS) offer programmed, site-specific drug release.
- Smart DDS leverage endogenous and exogenous stimuli for enhanced therapeutic targeting.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review state-of-the-art endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive DDS.
- To focus on the chemistry and mechanisms of polymeric carriers for targeted release.
- To identify research gaps and challenges in stimuli-responsive DDS development.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of stimuli-responsive DDS.
- Analysis of polymeric carriers responding to various stimuli (redox, pH, temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasound, electrical).
- Focus on extracellular and intracellular drug release mechanisms.
Main Results:
- Numerous DDS utilizing single or multiple stimuli have been developed.
- Polymeric carriers demonstrate potential for controlled dose loading, sustained release, and targeted permeability.
- Significant advancements exist, but challenges in clinical application remain.
Conclusions:
- Stimuli-responsive DDS represent a significant advancement in drug delivery.
- Further research is needed to address existing challenges for broader clinical adoption.
- Optimizing drug release mechanisms and carrier design is crucial for future therapeutic applications.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic
5.4K
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
5.4K
01:21Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake
1.6K
Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
1.6K
01:16Drug Delivery: Overview
803
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
803
01:18Drug Delivery: Enteral Route
1.7K
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
1.7K
01:29Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route
1.6K
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
1.6K
01:22Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes
759
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
759