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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Factors controlling surface oxygen exchange in oxides.

Yipeng Cao¹, Milind J Gadre¹, Anh T Ngo²

¹Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.

Nature Communications

|March 24, 2019

Summary

Lowering solid oxide fuel cell temperatures requires faster cathode kinetics. This study identifies surface diffusion as a bottleneck and proposes stabilizing cobalt oxide surfaces for improved oxygen reduction reaction rates.

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Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

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Published on: September 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) require efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode for commercial viability.
High operating temperatures are necessary due to slow oxygen exchange kinetics, hindering widespread adoption.
La_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3-δ (LSC) is a common perovskite cathode material.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the elementary reaction mechanisms of oxygen exchange on LSC cathode surfaces.
To identify the rate-limiting steps in the oxygen reduction reaction under operating conditions.
To propose strategies for enhancing ORR kinetics by controlling surface termination.

Main Methods:

Utilized ab initio computational methods to develop a quantitative elementary reaction model.
Simulated oxygen incorporation and dissociation on different LSC surface terminations.
Analyzed the influence of surface vacancy concentration on reaction pathways.

Main Results:

Identified lateral diffusion of oxygen adatoms and vacancies on the stable (001)-SrO surface as the rate-limiting step for oxygen incorporation.
Discovered that a high vacancy concentration on the metastable CoO₂ termination significantly accelerates O₂ dissociation (10²-10³ times faster).
Demonstrated that vacancy-assisted dissociation on CoO₂ surfaces is much faster than on SrO surfaces.

Conclusions:

Surface termination plays a critical role in controlling oxygen exchange kinetics at SOFC cathodes.
Stabilizing the CoO₂ termination with high vacancy concentrations can dramatically enhance ORR performance.
This finding offers a pathway to design more active cathode materials for lower-temperature SOFC operation.