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Composition of Blood01:22

Composition of Blood

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...
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Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure or force of blood exerted on the artery's walls as it circulates through the body. It is essential for maintaining blood flow throughout the body.
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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Several physiological and lifestyle factors influence blood pressure (BP). Understanding these factors is crucial as they are significant in patient education and blood pressure management.
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A Method to Assess Bacteriocin Effects on the Gut Microbiota of Mice
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Gut Microbiota Composition and Blood Pressure.

Shan Sun1, Anju Lulla2, Michael Sioda1

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Gut microbial diversity is linked to blood pressure (BP) in adults. Lower microbial diversity, specifically richness and Shannon Index, was associated with higher BP and hypertension risk.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome Research
  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Animal models suggest gut microbiota influences hypertension development.
  • Epidemiological data in human populations are limited.
  • The CARDIA study provides a unique cohort for investigating these associations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between gut microbial diversity and taxonomic composition with blood pressure (BP) in a biracial cohort.
  • To investigate cross-sectional relationships in middle-aged adults.
  • To identify specific microbial genera associated with hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples from 529 CARDIA study participants (aged 48-60).
  • Quantification of associations between BP (hypertension, systolic BP) and microbial diversity measures (α-diversity, principal coordinates).
  • Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis for genera-specific associations, controlling for covariates and using false discovery rate for multiple comparisons.

Main Results:

  • Hypertension and systolic BP were inversely associated with α-diversity measures, including richness and Shannon Diversity Index.
  • Microbial community composition differed between individuals with and without hypertension.
  • Several specific bacterial genera showed significant associations with BP, although some attenuated with BMI adjustment.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a link between gut microbial community diversity and composition and blood pressure in a diverse, population-based cohort.
  • Gut microbial diversity is a potential factor in blood pressure regulation in middle-aged adults.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate functional pathways and identify microbial targets for hypertension interventions.