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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

43.8K
Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
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Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

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Ionic Liquid-Stabilized Titania Quantum Dots Applied in Adhesive Resin.

I M Garcia1, V S Souza2, C Hellriegel3

  • 11 Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Journal of Dental Research
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study developed stable titanium dioxide quantum dots (TiO2QDs) using an ionic liquid, enhancing dental adhesive resins. The modified resin demonstrated antibacterial properties and maintained bond strength without cytotoxicity.

Keywords:
adhesivesbiomaterial(s)cariesmicrobiologynanotechnologypolymers

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science: Synthesis and characterization of novel nanomaterials.
  • Biomaterials Engineering: Development of advanced dental restorative materials.

Background:

  • Traditional sol-gel synthesis of quantum dots (QDs) for dental applications yields low stability and poor performance.
  • Need for improved nanoparticle stabilization in resin-based dental materials to enhance functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize stable titanium dioxide quantum dots (TiO2QDs) using an imidazolium ionic liquid (BMI.BF4) as a stabilizing agent.
  • To evaluate the impact of incorporating TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 into methacrylate-based adhesive resin on its physical, chemical, and biological properties.
  • To assess the antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, polymerization, bond strength, and solvent resistance of the modified adhesive resin.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 via a chemical route, followed by isolation and characterization using micro-Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Formulation of experimental adhesive resins with varying concentrations (2.5% and 5% wt) of TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4, alongside a control group.
  • Evaluation of nanoparticle dispersion using TEM and fluorescence microscopy.
  • Comprehensive testing of adhesive resins for antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, polymerization kinetics, degree of conversion, solvent softening, and microtensile bond strength (immediate and long-term).

Main Results:

  • TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 powder exhibited anatase and rutile phases, with a BMI.BF4 content of 26 wt% and particle sizes ranging from 1.19 to 7.11 nm (mean 3.54 ± 1.08 nm).
  • The TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 nanoparticles were well-dispersed in the adhesive resin without agglomeration, showing intermittent luminescence.
  • Incorporation of TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 provided immediate and long-term antibacterial effects without inducing cytotoxicity in pulp fibroblasts.
  • The 2.5 wt% TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 group demonstrated comparable polymerization behavior, degree of conversion, and solvent resistance to the control, while maintaining immediate and long-term bond adhesion to the tooth structure.

Conclusions:

  • The chemical synthesis using BMI.BF4 effectively produced stable TiO2QDs suitable for incorporation into dental adhesive resins.
  • The 2.5 wt% concentration of TiO2QDs/BMI.BF4 in adhesive resin offers significant advantages, including antibacterial properties and maintained mechanical integrity.
  • This formulation represents a promising advancement in dental adhesives, enhancing therapeutic effects without compromising clinical performance.