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The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
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Karteek Kadimisetty1, Andrew P Spak1, Ketki S Bhalerao1

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This study presents a low-cost, 3D printed electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoarray for rapid, sensitive detection of two proteins simultaneously. The novel platform uses minimal sample volume, offering a valuable tool for future biomolecular diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular diagnostics
  • Nanomaterials
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Miniaturized, sensitive, and rapid assay platforms are crucial for advanced biomolecular diagnostics.
  • Existing platforms often face limitations in cost, sample volume, or detection speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated, 3D printed electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoarray for simultaneous detection of multiple proteins.
  • To achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid assay times at low cost using minimal sample volumes.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a nanostructured pyrolytic graphite sheet (PGS) microwell chip with a 3D printed microfluidic array.
  • Utilizing antibody-decorated single-wall carbon nanotube forests and RuBPY-silica nanoparticles for signal amplification.
  • Employing a programmable syringe pump for automated reagent delivery in sandwich immunoassays.

Main Results:

  • Simultaneous detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) from human serum.
  • Achieved low detection limits (150 fg/mL for PSA, 230 fg/mL for PSMA) and wide dynamic ranges (up to 5 ng/mL).
  • Assays completed in 18 minutes with a cost under $1.00, using only 1-2 microliters of sample.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D printed ECL immunoarray offers a cost-effective, sensitive, and rapid solution for multiplexed protein detection.
  • The platform demonstrates high performance and good correlation with ELISA, indicating its potential for clinical diagnostics.
  • The adaptable design and downloadable CAD files facilitate broad application and further development.