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Related Concept Videos

Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Author Spotlight: Advanced Techniques for Visualizing Endogenous Axonal Transport Dynamics
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GlymphVIS: Visualizing Glymphatic Transport Pathways Using Regularized Optimal Transport.

Rena Elkin1, Saad Nadeem2, Eldad Haber3

  • 1Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA rena.elkin@stonybrook.edu.

Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention : MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

GlymphVIS visualizes brain waste removal via the glymphatic system (GS) using optimal transport. This method improves accuracy in tracking cerebrospinal fluid flow, aiding neurodegenerative disease research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • The glymphatic system (GS) is crucial for brain waste clearance.
  • GS dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
  • Current methods use MRI to track contrast agent flow in the GS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present GlymphVIS, a novel visualization framework for studying GS.
  • To utilize regularized optimal transport (OT) for analyzing GS flow dynamics.
  • To improve the accuracy and visualization of brain waste transport.

Main Methods:

  • Developed GlymphVIS, a framework employing regularized optimal transport (OT).
  • Applied the framework to temporal contrast-enhanced MRI sequences of rodent brains.
  • Incorporated diffusion and noise handling within the OT approach.

Main Results:

  • GlymphVIS accurately captures and visualizes time-varying GS transport dynamics.
  • The method significantly reduces registration errors compared to state-of-the-art techniques (up to 5x).
  • Visualized flow patterns align with expert understanding of the glymphatic system.

Conclusions:

  • GlymphVIS offers a robust method for analyzing glymphatic system function.
  • The framework enhances the study of brain metabolic waste removal.
  • Improved visualization aids research into neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.