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Related Concept Videos

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts
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[Checkpoint inhibitors neurological side effects].

G Suay1, L Bataller1

  • 1Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Espana.

Revista De Neurologia
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Checkpoint inhibitors can cause frequent neurological side effects affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. Further research is needed to better understand and manage these immune-related adverse events.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Pharmacovigilance

Background:

  • Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy.
  • Increased use leads to a rise in reported adverse effects, particularly neurological complications.
  • Neurological side effects may have been underestimated in initial clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and incidence of neurological side effects associated with checkpoint inhibitors.
  • To summarize current clinical practice guidelines for managing these adverse events.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published case reports on neurological side effects of checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Inclusion of institutional experience.
  • Summary of key clinical practice guidelines.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Neurological side effects from checkpoint inhibitors are common.
  • A diverse range of central and peripheral nervous system symptoms can manifest.
  • Immune-mediated inflammation, especially in brain tumors, can mimic tumor progression (pseudoprogression).

Conclusions:

  • Checkpoint inhibitor-related neurological adverse events are frequent and varied.
  • Clinical guidelines are essential for managing these side effects.
  • Further research is required to fully characterize and address these neurological complications.