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Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Antibody Actions

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.

Affinity and Avidity

Affinity and Avidity

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis/encephalitis.

Sara Salama¹, Majid Khan², Santiago Pardo³

¹Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA/Department of Neurology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)

|March 26, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease is a rare autoimmune condition. This review focuses on MOG antibody disease presenting as encephalitis or ADEM-like conditions in the brain.

Keywords:

MOG antibody disease MOG encephalomyelitis MOG-EM anti-MOG myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein optic neuritis transverse myelitis

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Immunology
Neuroimmunology

Background:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease is a rare autoimmune disorder.
Antibodies target MOG, primarily affecting the optic nerve and spinal cord, causing vision loss and paralysis.
Brain involvement can mimic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Purpose of the Study:

To review MOG antibody disease cases with central nervous system presentations.
To discuss MOG-positive encephalitis, encephalopathy, and ADEM-like phenotypes.
To synthesize findings from recently published case series.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent MOG antibody disease case series.
Analysis of clinical presentations, including encephalitis, encephalopathy, and ADEM-like symptoms.
Focus on MOG-positive cases involving the brain.

Main Results:

MOG antibody disease can present with neurological symptoms beyond opticospinal presentations.
Encephalitic and ADEM-like presentations are observed in MOG antibody disease.
Recent series highlight the spectrum of MOG antibody disease in the brain.

Conclusions:

MOG antibody disease is a significant cause of acquired CNS demyelination.
Recognition of MOG antibody disease is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
Further research is needed to fully understand MOG antibody disease phenotypes.