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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
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Native kidney BK virus nephropathy, a systematic review.

Ankur Shah1, Vinayak Kumar2, Matthew B Palmer2,3

  • 1Division of Nephrology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

BK nephropathy (BKVN) in non-kidney transplant patients is increasingly reported. This review synthesizes 65 biopsy-proven native kidney BKVN cases, highlighting the need for evaluation in immunocompromised individuals with renal failure.

Keywords:
BK NephropathyBK VirusNRSOTTubulointerstitial nephritistransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • BK nephropathy (BKVN) is increasingly recognized in non-kidney transplant recipients.
  • Previous systematic reviews have had methodological or scope limitations.

Observation:

  • A systematic review identified 51 articles describing biopsy-proven BKVN in native kidneys.
  • Sixty-five cases were identified, with most occurring in immunosuppressed patients.
  • Two new cases of native BKVN are presented.

Findings:

  • This study represents the most comprehensive description to date of biopsy-proven BKVN in native kidneys.
  • All but one identified case occurred in the context of known immunosuppression.
  • Studies with only clinical diagnoses (viruria/viremia without biopsy) were excluded.

Implications:

  • Evaluation for BKVN should be considered in immunocompromised patients presenting with unexplained renal failure.
  • Further research may be needed to refine diagnostic criteria and management strategies for native BKVN.