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Related Concept Videos

Interphase00:54

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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Interphase00:56

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation
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Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

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Chromatin plates in the interphase nucleus.

Andrea Chicano1, Joan-Ramon Daban1

  • 1Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.

FEBS Letters
|March 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin structure differs between cell division stages. Interphase chromatin forms planar structures, unlike the multilayered plates of metaphase chromosomes, potentially aiding DNA replication and gene expression.

Keywords:
DNA packagingcell cyclechromatin foldingchromatin platesinterphase chromosomesnuclear architecture

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Structure

Background:

  • Chromatin undergoes structural changes during the cell cycle.
  • Previous studies observed fiber emanations and planar structures under different ionic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the morphology of chromatin under interphase cation concentrations.
  • To compare chromatin structure in interphase nuclei versus metaphase chromosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Disruption of nuclei and observation of emanated chromatin.
  • Micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei.
  • Analysis of chromatin morphology in varying ionic conditions, particularly with magnesium.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin from disrupted interphase nuclei exhibits planar morphology in interphase cation concentrations.
  • Chromatin fragments form beads-on-a-string fibers without cations but self-assemble into plates with magnesium.
  • Interphase chromatin plates are less multilayered than metaphase chromosome plates.

Conclusions:

  • Interphase chromatin adopts a planar structure influenced by cation concentration.
  • The less compact structure of interphase chromatin plates may facilitate biological processes like DNA replication and gene expression.