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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...

Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

Swelling Poly(ionic liquid) Supported by Three-Dimensional Wire Mesh for Oil/Water Separation.

Yongya Zhang^1,2, Xi Deng¹, Liren Zhang¹

¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|March 26, 2019

Summary

This study introduces a novel poly(ionic liquid) and 3D wire mesh composite membrane for efficient oil/water separation. The superhydrophilic membrane demonstrates high separation efficiency and durability in harsh conditions.

Keywords:

oil/water separation poly(ionic liquid)superhydrophilic swelling three-dimensional

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Environmental Science

Background:

Effective oil/water separation is crucial for environmental protection and industrial applications.
Existing membranes often face challenges with fouling, low efficiency, or poor mechanical stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and prepare a novel composite membrane for efficient and durable oil/water separation.
To investigate the structure-property relationships of the poly(ionic liquid)/3D wire mesh composite membrane.

Main Methods:

One-step photopolymerization of an ionic liquid monomer with acrylic acid within a 3D wire mesh.
Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Cryo-SEM.
Evaluation of separation efficiency, water flux, intrusion pressure, and performance under harsh conditions.

Main Results:

The composite membrane (PIL@Mesh) exhibited superhydrophilicity due to a water-swollen poly(ionic liquid) 3D network.
Achieved excellent separation efficiency (>99.9%) for various oil/water mixtures.
Demonstrated high water flux (47 L·m⁻²·s⁻¹), robust mechanical strength, and stability in acidic, alkaline, and salty environments.

Conclusions:

The developed PIL@Mesh membrane offers a promising solution for advanced oil/water separation.
Its superhydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance enable effective and sustainable separation processes.