Compartmentation and regulation of acetylcholine synthesis at the synapse

Acetylcholine and choline release was measured by using an automated and modified version of the chemiluminescence technique of Israel & Lesbats [(1981) Neurochem. Int. 3, 81-90]. A comparison of acetylcholine and choline release from synaptosomes demonstrated that acetylcholine release was K+-stimulated and inhibited by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and cyanide. Choline release, however, did not vary markedly under different conditions, suggesting that it is not associated with acetylcholine release at the nerve ending. Total acetylcholine synthesis in synaptosomal preparations was measured concurrently with the incorporation of [14C]acetyl and [3H]choline moieties by using the chemiluminescence method. Under sub-optimal glucose concentrations or in the absence of treatment of the synaptosomes with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor phospholine, the incorporation of radioactivity exceeded total synthesis, indicating that cycling between acetylcholine and its precursors may occur. After treatment with phospholine, acetyl-group incorporation from D-[U-14C]glucose occurred without dilution of the precursor at optimal (1.0 mM) and low (0.1 mM) glucose concentrations; however, at very low (0.01 mM) glucose concentrations, dilution by a small endogenous pool occurred. [14C]Acetyl incorporation into acetylcholine was compared with various metabolic parameters. A closer correlation was observed between [14C]acetyl-group incorporation into acetylcholine and the calculated acetyl-carrier efflux from the mitochondria than with the calculated pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex flux. The results are discussed with respect to the regulation of acetylcholine concentrations at the synapse and the mechanism whereby turnover occurs.