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Tonicity in Plants00:53

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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species
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Range-expansion effects on the belowground plant microbiome.

Kelly S Ramirez1, L Basten Snoek2,3,4, Kadri Koorem2,5

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Plant range expansion due to climate change impacts belowground microbial communities. Microbial communities of expanding plants became more similar across distances, with fewer pathogens when unrelated to native flora.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Microbiology
  • Climate Change Science

Background:

  • Human-induced climate warming drives rapid plant range expansion globally.
  • While plant migration along environmental gradients is studied, its impact on belowground microbial communities is poorly understood.
  • The relatedness of expanding plants to native flora can alter plant-microorganism interactions in new environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of plant range expansion on bacterial and fungal communities in European soils.
  • To compare microbial communities associated with range-expanding plants and their native congeners.
  • To assess how plant relatedness to native flora influences belowground microbial composition.

Main Methods:

  • A 3,000 km latitudinal gradient across Europe was used to sample rhizosphere and soil.
  • Range-expanding plant species, with and without native congeners, and native species were analyzed.
  • Bacterial and fungal communities were characterized in 382 plant individuals.

Main Results:

  • Plant status (range-expanding vs. native) was a weak predictor of microbial community composition.
  • Microbial communities associated with range-expanding plants showed increased similarity with increasing distance from their native range.
  • Range-expanding plants unrelated to native species exhibited a reduced ratio of pathogens to symbionts.

Conclusions:

  • Plant range expansion significantly affects belowground microbiomes even at continental scales.
  • The composition of plant-associated microbes shifts with increasing distance from the original range.
  • The enemy release hypothesis receives weak support, suggesting reduced pathogen load for unrelated invasive plants.