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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Functional Divisions of the Nervous System01:23

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

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The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
The sensory division transmits information from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. It provides the CNS with knowledge about somatic senses (such as tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations)...
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Frequency division multiplex HPLC-MS for simultaneous analyses.

Hiroka Kishi1, Takashi Kumazaki1, Shinya Kitagawa1

  • 1Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan. kitagawa.shinya@nitech.ac.jp.

The Analyst
|March 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel multiplex high-performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) system enables simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. This frequency division multiplexing (FDM) approach avoids column switching, allowing direct coupling of multiple HPLCs to one MS for enhanced throughput.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Chromatography

Background:

  • High-throughput analysis in HPLC-MS typically uses column-switching, connecting one HPLC to one MS at a time.
  • Existing multiplex HPLC-MS methods are limited by column-switching mechanisms, reducing overall efficiency.
  • Simultaneous analysis of multiple samples is crucial for increasing throughput in HPLC-MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel multiplex HPLC-MS system for simultaneous analyses.
  • To eliminate the need for column-switching mechanisms in multiplex HPLC-MS.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of using frequency division multiplexing (FDM) for chromatogram extraction.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a multiplex HPLC-MS system hyphenating multiple HPLCs with a single MS without column switching.
  • Employed frequency division multiplexing (FDM) with modulators (chopper or ion-gate type) to block sample streams at individual frequencies.
  • Utilized Fourier transform (FT) signal processing for frequency-based signal extraction and reversed FT for chromatogram restoration.

Main Results:

  • A mixed chromatogram was observed by the MS when multiple HPLCs were directly coupled.
  • Chopper-type modulators allowed chromatogram extraction but resulted in signal interference.
  • Ion-gate modulation system successfully restored chromatograms without interference, confirming the FDM approach's potential.

Conclusions:

  • The novel multiplex HPLC-MS system based on FDM enables simultaneous and continuous analysis of plural samples.
  • The ion-gate modulation system is effective for interference-free chromatogram restoration in multiplex HPLC-MS.
  • This FDM-based approach offers a promising alternative to traditional column-switching methods for high-throughput HPLC-MS.